遗传算法优化神经网络的坡面入渗产流模型

引入遗传算法优化BP神经网络权重和阈值的方法建立黄土坡面产流入渗模型.模型以雨强、降雨历时、表层40 cm土壤前期含水量、坡度值为输入项,径流量、入渗量为输出项,用实测资料对网络进行模拟和预测.模拟结果平均误差6.32%和1.93%,预测结果平均误差为5.71%和1.92%.并与传统BP神经网络模型和定雨强Philip...     

陇东黄土高原地表粗糙度对耕作土壤径流的影响

用人工模拟降雨器,对陇东黄土高原不同地表粗糙度(RR)条件下翻耕土壤的径流和蓄水能力进行研究.以兰州大学庆阳黄土高原试验站为试验点,设3个处理:轻度(LR,RR＝7.6 mm),中度(MR,RR＝10.1 mm)和重度(HR,RR＝21.0 mm)处理.结果表明:在66mm/h的降雨强度下,降雨开始的20min内,LR...     

天津郊区农田降雨径流重金属的污染特征及来源分析

降雨条件下形成的农田径流是土壤与水体间物质交换的一种重要形式,是农业非点源污染的重要组成部分.2007-2008年,在强降雨条件下,定点采集了天津市郊农田降雨径流样品64个,并对其重金属含量进行了分析测定.结果显示:研究区农田降雨径流中Cr、Ni、Cd、Zn等4项重金属含量服从对数正态分布,Cu、As、Pb为偏态分布....     

Simulation Study of the Impact of Permanent Groundcover on Soil and Water Changes in Jujube Orchards on Sloping Ground

Land degradation is recognized as a major environmental problem in rainfed fruit orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Six treatments were used to investigate surface runoff and soil moisture by means of simulated rainfall experiments: (i) a control (clean cultivation) (CC); (ii) strip cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cover (SCF); (iii) strip crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) cover (SCV); (iv) strip bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cover (SBF); (v) strip white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cover (SWC); and (vi) complete white clover cover (WCC). The time to runoff was significantly longer under WCC than under other treatments (p < 0·05). The total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly greater under CC than under the vegetation cover treatments (p < 0·05). The mean infiltration rate under WCC and CC was the largest and lowest and differed significantly from that under other treatments (p < 0·05). The change of soil water storage was the largest under WCC and the least under CC. The soil moisture was significantly greater under SCF than under other treatments (p < 0·05). Treatment SCF seemed to be the best groundcover for rainfed sloping jujube orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Vegetation Stems on Hydraulics of Overland Flow Under Varying Water Discharges

Vegetation plays an important role in soil erosion control, but few studies have been performed to quantify the effects of vegetation stems on hydraulics of overland flow. Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to investigate the potential effects of vegetation stems on Reynolds number, Froude number, flow velocity and hydraulic resistance of silt‐laden overland flow. Cylinders with diameter D of 2·0, 3·2 and 4·0 × 10⁻² m were glued onto the flume bed to simulate the vegetation stems, and a bare slope was used as control. The flow discharge varied from 0·5 to 1·5 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ and slope gradient was 9°. Results showed that Reynolds number on vegetated slope was significantly higher than that on bare slope because of the effect of vegetation stems on effective flow width. All the flows were supercritical flow, but Froude number decreased as D increased, implying a decrease in runoff ability to carry sediment. The mean flow velocity also decreased with D, while the velocity profile became steeper, and no significant differences were found in surface flow velocities among longitudinal sections on all slopes. Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient increased with D, implying that the energy consumption of overland flow on hydraulic resistance increased. Reynolds number was not a unique predictor of hydraulic roughness on vegetated slopes. The total resistance on vegetated slopes was partitioned into grain resistance and vegetation resistance, and vegetation resistance accounted for almost 80% of the total resistance and was the dominant roughness element. Further studies are needed to extend and apply the insights obtained under controlled conditions to actual overland flow conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于FLUENT的歧管式催化器流场仿真分析

通过数值模拟和试验验证,分析岐管式催化器内部气流的速度场、压力场和气流分布状态。结果表明,随入口流量的增大,岐管式催化器内部气流流速增大、压力损失增大、径向分布的均匀性降低;气流的径向分布不同于常规催化器集中于轴线的轴对称形式,而是呈多中心分散状态,均匀性较常规催化器提高。     

两行一带式乔木固沙林带风速流场和防风效果风洞试验

研究在风速为10和15 m·s<'-1>的风洞试验条件下,覆盖度为20%和25%的3种两行一带模式固沙林内的水平和垂直方向的风速变化情况,以期对3种模式的风速流场和防风效果进行比较分析.结果表明:3种配置模式在0.31H高度形成了风影区和风速加速区相互组合的复杂流场结构,覆盖度25%的两行一带模式的防风效果高于覆盖度20%的两行一带模式.3种模式在不同高度的风速变化规律相同,可划分为3层:微变化层(1.54H和2H)、显著变化层(0.46H和0.92H)和稳定变化层(0.06～0.12H)3个层次.3种模式降低风速的效果为:D=4H(H为带间距)L=4 cm(L为行距)模式大于D=5H,L=0.08 m模式和覆盖度20%(D=5H,L=0.04 m),后2种模式相同.     

不同糙率坡面水力学特征的试验研究

在室内试验的基础上,采用定床阻力试验研究了坡面流水力学参数(雷诺数、佛汝德数、阻力系数和流速)随床面糙率、流量和坡度的变化规律。初步得出以下结论:(1)在床面和流量相同条件下,坡面流雷诺数和佛汝德数均随坡度的增加而增大。(2)在坡度和流量相同情况下,随着坡面粗糙度增加,坡面流雷诺数和佛汝德数均呈减小趋势;同时水流流速减小,阻力系数增大,这说明水流克服阻力做功所消耗的能量也增加。     

黄土丘陵区不同降雨强度对农地土壤侵蚀的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法，对仪器自身性能进行了测试，并分设5种不同的降雨强度分别研究半干旱区林地、草地、人工草地和耕地的产流产沙特征。模拟天然降雨最大雨强5．05mm／min，雨量118．2～300．3mm／h；雨滴落地速度、雨滴动能等降雨特征值与天然降雨特征值是一致的；不同立地条件下径流量、侵蚀模数随雨强的增加而增加，并与降雨强度呈指数函数或幂函数关系。